Validation

Tested. Documented. Trusted.

Where internal studies are referenced, these were conducted by independent third-party testing organizations. All claims on this website reflect a careful distinction between what is laboratory-demonstrated, what is mechanism-supported by peer-reviewed research, and what is informed by user feedback.

Category 1 — Ion Technologies Internal Testing

Independent studies conducted by Integrated Pharma Services (IPS), Frederick MD / Rockville MD, on behalf of Ion Manufacturing LLLP

Viral Protection Studies

Study I: A Study on the Antiviral Properties of ZNTech. Integrated Pharma Services. August 2, 2020. Methodology: ISO Standard 18184:2019. Viruses tested: Influenza A (H1N1, H3N2), Human Coronavirus NL63. Results: 99.82–99.93% viral reduction (Influenza A); 99.68–99.91% (Coronavirus NL63). Classification: Excellent Effect per ISO standard.

Study II: A Study on the Antiviral Properties of ZNTech (Extended). Integrated Pharma Services. September 28, 2020. Added viruses: Coronavirus OC-43 (Beta Coronavirus similar to COVID-19), Feline Calicivirus. Results: 92–99.99% reduction across all viruses tested.

Blood Flow & Therapeutic Properties Study

A Study on the Therapeutic Properties of ZnTech™ Technology. Integrated Pharma Services. August 19, 2021. Methodology: Infrared Thermography (blood flow assessment). Results: ZnTech™ subjects showed elevated skin temperature of +2–3°F vs. control over 1–3 hour wear — indirect indicator of enhanced blood flow. Iontophoresis component: crystal violet penetration through polypropylene filter occurred within 10 seconds for ZnTech™; no transfer in control fabric even after overnight incubation.

Iontophoresis Property Study

A Study on the Iontophoresis Property of ZnTech™ Technology. Integrated Pharma Services. November 5, 2021. Objective: Determine if ZnTech™ can enhance absorption of topical compounds. Test compound: Estée Lauder Advanced Night Repair Eye Concentrate. Results: ZnTech™ displayed iontophoresis properties as early as 1 second of contact. Absorption positive at 10, 20, and 30-minute timepoints; control fabric negative at all timepoints. Conclusion: Significant potential for therapeutic, drug delivery, and cosmeceutical applications.

Bacterial and Fungal Protection Testing

Antimicrobial Testing of Ion Sport Wear. May 14, 2018. Independent antimicrobial efficacy testing demonstrating inhibitory activity against bacteria and fungi relevant to foot odor, athlete’s foot, and related conditions.

Ion Technologies Clinical Wear Study

Internal participant study. Participants suffering from hyperhidrosis (excessive sweating) wore matched socks — ZnTech™ on right foot, standard sock on left. Follow-up survey: right foot (ZnTech™) significantly drier with less odor. Conclusion: ZnTech™ microcurrent demonstrates inhibitory effect on sweat gland activity. (Referenced in: Sheftel SN, ION Sportswear Technology White Paper.)

Category 2 — Peer-Reviewed Clinical Literature

The following references support the mechanisms on which ZnTech™ is built. These are independent published studies, not Ion Technologies research.

Cheng N, et al. The Effects of Electric Currents on ATP Generation, Protein Synthesis, and Membrane Transport in Rat Skin. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research, 171:264–272 (1982).

Isseroff RR, Dahle SE. Electrical Stimulation Therapy and Wound Healing: Where Are We Now? Advances in Wound Care. 2012;1(6):238–243.

Lambert MI, Marcus P, Burgess T, Noakes TD. Electro-Membrane Microcurrent Therapy Reduces Signs and Symptoms of Muscle Damage. Med Sci Sports Exerc. Apr;34(4):602–607 (2002).

McMakin CR. Microcurrent Therapy: A Novel Treatment Method for Chronic Low Back Myofascial Pain. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies. Apr;8(2):143–153 (2004).

Park RJ, Son H, Kim K, et al. The Effect of Microcurrent Electrical Stimulation on the Foot Blood Circulation and Pain of Diabetic Neuropathy. Journal of Physical Therapy Science. 23(3):515–518 (2011).

Poltawski L, Watson T. Bioelectricity and Microcurrent Therapy for Tissue Healing — a Narrative Review. Physical Therapy Reviews. 2009;14(2):105–114.

Rowlerson (1983). The Fibre Type Composition of the First Branchial Arch Muscles in Carnivore and Primates. J Muscles Res Cell Motil 4, 443–472.

Singer AJ, Clark RAF. Cutaneous Wound Healing. N Engl J Med. 1999;341(10):734–746.

Bolton L, Foleno B, Means B, Petrucelli S. Direct-Current Bactericidal Effect on Intact Skin. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. July 1980:137–141.

Richter CP. Physiological Factors Involved with the Electrical Resistance of the Skin. American Journal of Physiology. Vol.88, 1929:596–615.

Becker RO, Selden G. The Body Electric: Electromagnetism and the Foundation of Life. pp.17–21.

Wolcott LE, Wheeler PC, Hardwicke HM, Rowley BA. Accelerated Healing of Skin Ulcer by Electrotherapy: Preliminary Clinical Results. Southern Medical Journal. 62(7):795–801 (1969).

Strömberg HE, Ågren MS. Topical Zinc Oxide Treatment Improves Arterial and Venous Leg Ulcers. British Journal of Dermatology, 111:461–468 (1984).

Category 3 — Patents

Korall et al. Zinc-Oxygen Battery. United States Patent 5,445,901. — Establishes the electrochemical basis for zinc-oxygen battery function; foundational reference for the ZnTech™ mechanism.

[Ion Technologies patent numbers to be added by client when available for publication.]

Category 4 — Additional Supporting References

Fish R, Geddes L. Medical and Bioengineering Aspects of Electrical Injuries. Lawyers and Judges Publishing Company, 2003.

Cho MS, Park RJ, Park SH, et al. The Effect of Microcurrent-Inducing Shoes on Fatigue and Pain in Middle-Aged People with Plantar Fasciitis. Journal of Physical Therapy Science. 19(2):165–170 (2007).

Pfeiffer EA. Electrical Stimulation of Sensory Nerves with Skin Electrodes for Research, Diagnosis, Communication and Behavioral Conditioning: A Survey. Medical and Biological Engineering. Vol.6 Issue 6:637–651 (1968).

Sagaidachnyi et al. Thermography-Based Blood Flow Imaging in Human Skin of the Hands and Feet. Physiol Meas. 2017 Feb;38(2):272–288.

Note on study status: All Ion Technologies internal testing was conducted by third-party laboratories. Results represent early-stage evaluation findings. Ion Technologies does not make medical claims. Products in the Wound Care division are not FDA cleared and are not available for consumer purchase. Testing summaries are provided for informational and partner evaluation purposes.